Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. It affects how a woman’s ovaries function, leading to a variety of symptoms. Although the exact cause of PCOS is unknown, it’s believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Key Features of PCOS
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Irregular Periods: Infrequent, irregular, or prolonged menstrual cycles are common. Some women may have fewer than eight periods a year, or their periods may stop altogether.
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Excess Androgen: Elevated levels of male hormones (androgens), which may cause physical signs such as excess facial and body hair (hirsutism), severe acne, and male-pattern baldness.
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Polycystic Ovaries: Enlarged ovaries containing numerous small fluid-filled sacs (follicles) that surround the eggs, making ovulation irregular or absent.
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Insulin Resistance: Many women with PCOS have insulin resistance, which can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and make weight management difficult.
Common Symptoms,Causes and Risk Factors
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Weight gain or difficulty losing weight.
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Thinning hair or hair loss from the scalp.
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Darkening of the skin, particularly in areas like the neck, groin, or under the breasts.
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Fatigue.
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Mood changes or depression.
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Genetics: A family history of PCOS may increase the risk.
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Hormonal Imbalance: Excess production of androgens and insulin resistance are often present.
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Lifestyle Factors: Obesity or unhealthy eating habits can exacerbate the symptoms.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis is often made based on clinical signs, blood tests to check hormone levels, and ultrasound to examine the ovaries. There is no single test for PCOS, and it’s usually diagnosed by excluding other conditions.​
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While there is no cure for PCOS, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications:
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Lifestyle Changes: Weight loss, healthy diet, and regular exercise can help reduce symptoms and improve insulin sensitivity.
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Medications: Birth control pills to regulate menstrual cycles, anti-androgen drugs to reduce excess hair growth, and insulin-sensitizing drugs (like metformin) for insulin resistance.
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Fertility Treatment: For those trying to conceive, medications that stimulate ovulation, like clomiphene or letrozole, may be prescribed.
Long-Term Risks
Women with PCOS are at higher risk for several long-term health problems, including:
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Type 2 diabetes.
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High blood pressure.
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Heart disease.
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Endometrial cancer (due to irregular periods).
Managing PCOS with a combination of medical treatment and lifestyle adjustments can significantly improve quality of life. Regular monitoring is important to manage the associated risks effectively.