Discectomy:

• Involves removing part of a herniated or damaged disc that is pressing on a nerve root or the spinal cord.

• This is often performed using minimally invasive techniques.

Laminectomy:

• A procedure to remove part of the vertebra (the lamina) to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves, often due to spinal stenosis.

• Can be done as part of a more extensive decompression surgery.

Spinal Fusion:

• This surgery permanently connects two or more vertebrae to eliminate motion between them, often to treat instability, deformity, or chronic pain.

• Bone grafts and metal rods, screws, or plates are used to fuse the vertebrae together.

• Common in treating degenerative disc disease, spondylolisthesis, or scoliosis.

Vertebroplasty/Kyphoplasty:

• Minimally invasive procedures used to treat spinal compression fractures, often due to osteoporosis.

• Involves injecting bone cement into the collapsed vertebra to stabilize the spine and relieve pain.

Foraminotomy:

• A procedure to enlarge the opening where nerve roots exit the spinal column, relieving pressure from a compressed nerve, often caused by spinal stenosis or disc degeneration.

Artificial Disc Replacement:

• Instead of fusing two vertebrae, an artificial disc is inserted to maintain motion in the spine.

• This is an alternative to spinal fusion for degenerative disc disease or herniated discs.

Spinal Decompression Surgery:

• This includes various techniques (such as discectomy, laminectomy, or foraminotomy) to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves.

Scoliosis Surgery:

• Involves using spinal fusion or other techniques to correct abnormal curvature of the spine, often performed in adolescents or adults with severe scoliosis.