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Prostate Cancer

What is prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland in men that produces seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports sperm. It is one of the most common types of cancer in men, particularly affecting older individuals. Here’s an overview of key information about prostate cancer

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Risk Factors

  • Age: Risk increases significantly after age 50.

  • Family History: A family history of prostate cancer can increase risk.

  • Race: More common in African American men.

  • Diet: A diet high in red meat and high-fat dairy may increase risk.

  • Genetics: Certain genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, are linked to higher risk.

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Symptoms-
Staging

Prostate cancer often has no symptoms in its early stages. As it progresses, symptoms may include:

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  1. Difficulty urinating or a weak urine stream.

  2. Frequent urination, especially at night.

  3. Blood in urine or semen.

  4. Erectile dysfunction.

  5. Pain in the hips, back, or chest (if the cancer has spread).

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Prostate cancer is staged based on how much it has spread:

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  • Localized: Confined to the prostate.

  • Locally Advanced: Spread to nearby tissues.

  • Advanced/Metastatic: Spread to distant parts of the body.

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Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically involves:

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  • PSA Test (Prostate-Specific Antigen): A blood test measuring the level of PSA, which can be elevated in prostate cancer.

  • Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A physical exam to feel for abnormalities in the prostate.

  • Biopsy: If tests suggest cancer, a biopsy confirms the diagnosis by examining prostate tissue.

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Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the stage and may include:

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  • Active Surveillance: Monitoring slow-growing cancers without immediate treatment.

  • Surgery: Removal of the prostate (prostatectomy).

  • Radiation Therapy: Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.

  • Hormone Therapy: Lowering testosterone levels, which can fuel cancer growth.

  • Chemotherapy: Drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells.

  • Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy: Using drugs that target specific aspects of cancer cells or boost the body’s immune response against cancer.

Prognosis

The prognosis for prostate cancer varies widely. When detected early, it is often highly treatable, with many men living long, healthy lives after treatment. However, more aggressive or advanced forms may require extensive treatment and can affect overall survival.

Regular screening and early detection are crucial, especially for those at higher risk. 

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